Training principles

1. The principle of supercompensation The principle of supercompensation reflects such a fundamental phenomenon for all biological beings, ensuring their survival and evolution, as adaptation. In conditions when the impact on the body exceeds a certain level usual for a given person, the so-called supercompensation effect is observed. It consists in the fact that the level of those functions or resources that were affected as a result of a specific load increases during the recovery period after it. With the so-called cumulative adaptation, when the stress impact on the body has a periodically repeated nature for a sufficiently long time, there is a summation and consolidation of individual adaptation effects. 2. The principle of overload The principle of overload reflects the fact that in order for the supercompensation effect to take place, it is necessary for the impact on the body to exceed a certain threshold level. The magnitude of the load must be sufficient to trigger the adaptation mechanism and cause the phenomenon of supercompensation. In training practice, this is expressed in the need to constantly increase training loads. This can be achieved by changing the parameters that determine the volume and intensity of a specific training load, manipulating combinations of these parameters. 3. The principle of specificity The principle of specificity indicates that the most pronounced adaptive changes under the influence of training occur in the organs and functional systems that are most heavily loaded during physical exercise (N.V. Volkov). These are the organs and systems that are primarily responsible for enduring the load with less fatigue and risk of any damage. 4. The principle of reversibility The principle of reversibility is based on the phenomenon when the cessation of training sessions leads to so-called detraining, that is, a gradual loss of the qualities and functions acquired as a result of training. In essence, the body adapts to new (lower) requirements. "What is not used is lost." 5. The principle of cyclicity The implementation of the principle of cyclicity in practice is the periodization of the training process. Periodization is the cornerstone of the theory and practice of any sports training and health practice. The use of periodization in planning the training process is the only way to ensure a sufficiently long-term increase in sports results, while minimizing the possibility of overfatigue or overtraining. 6. The principle of individuality According to the principle of individuality, the loads should correspond to the current state of the person and change in accordance with changes in his body. We are talking about differences due to the physical fitness of a person, his somato- and psychotype, age, the presence of certain deviations in health, gender, age.